Essay on What is Asperger Syndrome - 2762 Words

Many people across the world are unfamiliar with disorders associated with autism. Some people do not even know what autism actually is. Asperger’s Syndrome is one perplexing disorder, of countless, that needs to be acknowledged. Although it is one of the more well-known disorders, an understanding of Asperger’s is far from common knowledge. There is an abundance of misconceptions and people unaware of what Asperger Syndrome actually is. Being uncertain about the characteristics of a person with Asperger’s allows people to go through life not understanding the disorder itself and people who have it. Asperger’s is one disorder of many in the Autism Spectrum. The Autism Spectrum includes early infantile autism, childhood autism, Kanner’s†¦show more content†¦It did not receive its common name until Lorna Wing published several works on the disorder, calling it Asperger’s Syndrome. Dr. Asperger’s work, published in German, was not well known in English speaking countries until Wing’s writings in 1981 (â€Å"National Institutes of Health,† 2013). Today’s definition of AS is far different from that in 1944. Today, â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder that is [a] severe and sustained impairment in social interaction and restricted, repetitive behavior, interest, and activity† (Myles, Lee, Smith, Tien, Chou, Swanson, 2007). If one does not know the definition of Asperger’s, they often create many assumptions and misconceptions about people with the disorder. Numerous misconceptions exist on the topic of Asperger’s Syndrome, and it is time for them to be put to rest. One fallacy that many believe is that people with AS are intellectually disabled (Waas, 2011). This is entirely false. People with AS have normal or above normal intellectual abilities (Carrington, Templeton, Papinczak, 2003). Another myth is that people with AS are prone to violence, but the truth is that they are no more violent than anyone else. Frustration is the cause of any outbursts because they are unable to convey themselves.(Waas, 2011). One more misconception of people with AS is that they do not speak or communicate with others. This is completely inaccurate. People with Asperger’s, in fact, have a broad vocabulary andShow MoreRelatedAsperger Syndrome: Implications and Intervention1375 Words   |  5 PagesAsperger Syndrome: Implications and Interventions Asperger Syndrome (AS) is a condition characterized by developmental delays most notable in social contexts. AS is most commonly identified by obsessive and repetitive behaviors and unawareness of nonverbal communication. Both Asperger syndrome and autism are forms of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). It is important to note the distinctions between the two PDD’s. We do not see impairment of adaptive skills, cognitive development, or languageRead MoreEssay on Asperger?s Syndrome1037 Words   |  5 Pages Asperger’s Syndrome Today there are many different types of disabilities and syndromes. When you have a child to be diagnosed with a disability or a syndrome life can suddenly become overwhelming. This is especially true if they have been diagnosed with Asperger’s Syndrome. Parents sometimes feel guilty because their child has a disability or syndrome. Parents may feel that they are responsible for their child’s disability or syndrome. Parents may feel guilty about their child being diagnosed withRead MoreAutism Is A Neurological Development Disorder967 Words   |  4 Pagesedition(DSM-IV) there were five types of autism. They were all listed under what is called Autism Spectrum Disorder. People on the spectrum range from dysfunctional to functional. The most functional form is called, Asperger s Syndrome. People with Asperger s Syndrome have above average intelligence; the people on the other end of the spectrum tend to have average or below average intelligence. There are many symptoms of Asperger s Syndrome, but not all of the symptoms meet the other symptoms of the differentRead MoreAspergers Syndrome Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesAspergers Syndrome Today there are many different types of disabilities and syndromes. When you have a child to be diagnosed with a disability or a syndrome life can suddenly become overwhelming. This is especially true if they have been diagnosed with Aspergers Syndrome. Parents sometimes feel guilty because their child has a disability or syndrome. Parents may feel that they are responsible for their childs disability or syndrome. Parents may feel guilty about their child being diagnosedRead MoreAsperger Syndrome : A Disorder On The Autism Spectrum1210 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Knowles Dr. Chaviano ESE 309 Spring 2015 Asperger Syndrome Asperger syndrome, also known as, Asperger disorder is a disorder on the autism spectrum. Asperger syndrome is on the mild, or â€Å"high-functioning,† end. Many affected with Asperger’s learn to adjust and become very intelligent and live successful lives. In 1944, an Australian pediatrician named Hans Asperger observed four children who had difficulty integrating socially. The children lacked nonverbal communication skills, failedRead MoreCurious Incident of the Dog965 Words   |  4 Pages Haddon uses the first person narrative effectively to illustrate the difficulty of diversity in society. Christopher describes to us how he experiences a series of difficulties and how he tries to adjust with the difficulties resulted from Asperger syndrome, â€Å"I find people confusing† Christopher cannot understand explicit instructions, â€Å"people often say be quiet but they don’t tell how long to be quiet for. Or you see a sign which says keep of the grass but it should say keep of the grass aroundRead MoreUse Of Dsm 5 And Class Material Criteria On Diagnostic Categories783 Words   |  4 PagesUse of DSM-5 and Class Material Criteria on Diagnostic Categories Exhibited in the Case Study Based on both the DSM-5 and the class material criteria, Kimmy s diagnosis of Asperger syndrome meant that it involved an exact number of items that were placed under the qualitative impairment headings, specifically in a social interaction, stereotyped, restrictive, and repetitive patterns of interests, behavior, and activities. The disturbance may have been caused by clinically essential impairments inRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1389 Words   |  6 Pagesconsists of many neurodevelopmental disorders of the brain. People with autistic disorder think and act in different ways than most people. There are many different forms of autism spectrum disorder that include the pervasive development disorder, Asperger syndrome, and autistic disorder. These disorders are called spectrum disorders because they affect people differently and on different degrees as well as a spectrum of different occurrences. These disorders are best diagnosed at early stages in life.Read MoreAtte ntion Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )798 Words   |  4 PagesAsperger s What is Asperger s syndrome (AS)? AS is a social disorder linked to autism which is often misdiagnosed as attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because of their similar symptoms. The name comes from Hans Asperger, an Austrian that examined autistic children and used the term autism to identify them (Grinker 56). According to Bibbi Hagberg et. Al. , Approximately, 30–50 % of individuals with AS have symptoms (inattention and overactivityRead MoreThe New Jersey Special Education Code Defines Autism Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pages2006, p.69) Children with Asperger’s Syndrome have developmental characteristics that cause challenges when growing up. They might develop speech that has peculiarities such as speaking in an overly formal manner. Children might also revolve many of their conversations around their few topics of interest. Many children with Asperger s usually do not understand what is socially appropriate in a conversation. If asked about how they are doing, a child with Asperger s might respond with a long reaction

Essay on St. Thomas Aquinas’ On Being and Essence

In St. Thomas Aquinas’ On Being and Essence, he devotes an entire chapter of his book discussing how essence is found in composite substances. â€Å"Form and matter are found in composite substances, as for example soul and body in man. But it cannot be said that either one of these alone is called the essence.’ Aquinas argues that in a composite substance, not only is the form but also matter in the essence of a thing. However, in Metaphysics, Aristotle says that essence is in the form, which acts upon matter. He writes, â€Å"The form or the thing as having form should be said to be thing, but matter by itself must never be said to be so.† Yet, Aristotle’s thesis poses a philosophical problem. If one supposes that Aristotle is correct, then†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, Aquinas says that matter is something added to its essence. In other words, matter is something outside its essence. Aquinas continues his argument that essence also does not signify a relationship between matter and form. Form and matter are both â€Å"characteristics of essence.† Matter is actualized through the form. Consequently, â€Å"matter becomes an actual being and this particular thing.† Aquinas writes, â€Å"For the being that a composite substance has is not the being of the form alone nor of the matter alone but of the composite.† In other words, the fact that something is ‘being’ is not because of its form alone or its matter alone but because of form that is informed on the matter. It is evident through passage found in Aquinas’ On Being and Essence, that essence is found in composite substances through matter and form together. Although Aristotle does not explicitly state this, he does say so implicitly. This essay will now turn to an interpretation and discuss Aquinas’ argument in relation to Aristotle. Although the material body and its substantial form are metaphysically distinct, neither the human body nor its substantial form alone is a substance. From the Aristotelian perspective, when we first make a distinction as to what a things is, we are acknowledging a thing’s form but not necessarily its matter. Aristotle writes in theShow MoreRelatedSt. Thomas Aquinas Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesSt. Thomas Aquinas, was a Dominican monk, who generally one of the greatest Scholastic writers of all times. He used ancient philosophy to prove religious propositions. One of the ancient philosophers that St. Thomas Aquinas used to prove religious facts was Aristotle. One of the greatest works that Aristotle did was to prove that god really exists. St. Thomas Aquinas used the forms that Aristotle and Plato used to prove the same philosophical question, does god really exist? St. Thomas AquinasRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas On The Existence Of God1338 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus primarily to proving the existence of God, as well as other religious tenets they held. Two Saints of the Catholic Church, St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, developed their own respective proofs for the existence of God. These proofs have gained fame over the subsequent centuries and still face debate and comparison today. Although both St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas both offer proofs for the existence of God, the proofs differ drastically due to the distinct argumentative methods utilizedRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas And The Theological Principles Of Faith1831 Words   |  8 Pagesthan merely to contemplate† is a famous quote by St. Thomas Aquinas. It mentions how giving others the full truth about what they believe in is the best way for others to be willing members of a particular group. St. Thomas Aquinas always believed that there is nothing more sincere than the truth . It was always important to him to make sure everything he said was honest, especially speaking about the Lord so it wouldn’t be considered heresy. As Aquinas grew older and older, he started to learn moreRead MoreSaint Thomas Aquinas Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesSaint Thomas Aquinas I chose to write about Saint Thomas Aquinas because I have heard of his life and found it interesting. There was also a large pool of knowledge to research from, about Saint Thomas Aquinas. I also knew he is called Doctor of the church and I wanted to learn more about that. I was interested in Saint Thomas Aquinas because he was misunderstood by his peers and was also called the Dumb Ox. I wanted to understand how someone can be so misunderstood stood and beRead MoreEssay about Theological Virtue of Charity1987 Words   |  8 PagesSaint Thomas Aquinas is one of the people accredited for having brought theology into the limelight. However, though theology existed long before the emergence of philosophers and fathers if the church, individualistic drives such as those of Aquinas brought a deeper understanding into the mysteries of theology. Modern day theology would not have gotten any bearing without the impact of philosophers and scholars who simplified the understanding of theological concepts. While it cannot be independentlyRead MoreThe Existence Of God s Existence1339 Words   |  6 PagesAs rational human beings, we often find ourselves questioning almost everything that we come across throughout our lives. From simple questions to complex questions, many strive to find proofs or evidence to appease our minds. Questions like â€Å"What is our purpose?† or â€Å"Why or how is the world created?† are some of the general questions that typically lead to the idea of God. The existence of God is one of the most sought out topic that is frequently inquired. Is there really a God or is God merelyRead More Natural Law Theory Essay661 Words   |  3 Pagesit was compatible to their religion. Probably the most famous of them was St. Thomas Aquinas. He stated in his Summa Theologiae that God gave man the ability to determine the difference of right from wrong by the *Eternal Law.* This law gave all beings a tendency to do what was proper or natural. He went on to say that by doing what was right, each being was in fact using divine reason. The natural law, according to Aquinas, was the participation in the Eternal Law, doing what was right.(Comptons)Read MoreHonesty And Knowledge : The Philosophy Of Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, And Immanuel Kant1249 Words   |  5 PagesHonesty and Knowledge: The Solutions to an Ethical Dilemma through the Philosophy of Saint Augustine, Saint Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant â€Å"Simon,† Larry says, â€Å"we are good friends; I consider it to be my duty to tell you that I have found a letter in your late father’s poetry book, indicating that he has had an affair.† Some of us will try to avoid coming face-to-face with our friend about such a gut-wrenching reality by keeping this distressing information a secret. Some of us will tell theRead MoreA Brief Analysis of Saint Thomas Aquinas Essay example1285 Words   |  6 PagesAll human beings develop at different rates, both physically and mentally. Furthermore, there are some special individuals that gain the ability to flourish in which they acquire a deeper understanding of life. This is usually is a result of one’s profound religious beliefs. Throughout history there has been scientific reasoning that has brought humanity to a higher domain of knowledge. Saint Thomas was born in 1225 and he came from a noble family from Naples, Italy. His work caused extreme controversially Read MoreThe Philosophy Of St. Thomas Aquinas1367 Words   |  6 PagesSt. Thomas Aquinas was an influential philosopher who strongly incorporated faith into his philosophy. In his Summa Theologiae, Aquinas uses his own arguments along with those of both Aristotle and Plato to strengthen his claims. First and foremost, Aquinas uses his own philosophy to back the Christian faith and the existence of God. However, Aquinas also extends his argument past the initial claim of God and Christianity, and it is here where he uses these other influential philosophers to help

Competition Law Cartel Provisions

Question: Discuss about theCompetition Lawfor Cartel Provisions. Answer: The Competition and Consumer Act, 2010[1] is the legislative vehicle in Australia for the competition law. This law seeks to promote competition, along with fair trading, in addition to providing the necessary protection to the consumers[2]. Part IV of this act relates to the restrictive trade practices and provides provisions which are aimed at deterring such practices by the companies, which can be deemed as anti-competitive, or in other words, which restrict the free competition. Division 1 of this part contains the provisions regarding the cartel conduct[3]. The price fixing provision, as well as, the exclusionary provisions, before 2009, were subjected to civil penalty sanctions and were prohibited per se. but the Dawson review recommended that the criminal sanctions should be introduced for the cartel conduct[4]. This very recommendation was implemented in 2009 in the quoted division of the act. These provisions are in line with the recommendations of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and the overseas practices[5]. In the matter of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 2)[6], it was held that cartel provision is such an element or an aspect of the contract, understanding or an arrangement which had the ability to bring out the intended results. And so, this act prohibits any such arrangement amongst the competitors, which can result in or which are in the form of price fixation, restriction of outputs in the production or supply chains, rig bids, and the division of market through allocation or territories, customers or suppliers[7]. Since July 24th 2009, Division 1 of Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 has prohibited cartel conduct. Cartel conduct is treated as a criminal offence as it is prohibited civilly[8]. Earlier for this prohibited the definition of price fixing covered under Section 45A Trade Practices Act 1974 had to be relied upon, but it has been repealed. Section 44ZZRD of the Competition and Consumer Act covers the definition of cartel conduct and covers 4 kinds of activities. These are price fixing (as had been earlier covered in the now repealed section 45A), bid rigging, market division, and restricting outputs[9]. Such provisions are included so that the consumers are protected and at the same time, fair competition prevails. The cartels have been made illegal as they cheat the other businesses and the consumers, and along with this they restrict healthy economic growth[10]. This is done by increasing the prices for both the businesses and consumers by inflating the capital and input costs artificially, across the chain of supply, and this includes the cost of buildings, interest, and rent of equipment[11]. The other ways in which this is done include: Locking up the resources by interfering with the normal supply, so as to demand forces. By doing so, the other operators effectively lock out from access to the distribution channels and resources. Reducing the investment as the cartels block new entrants, which could invest in jobs, opportunities or economic growth. By dominating the markets, plus by confining the goods, as well as, the services, the cartels destroy the other business, and to such an extent that the well-run and honest organizations could not survive. Reducing the innovations, as well as, choices through the protection of own members which are inefficient and who do not have to compete, and as a result of this, they do not invest in any kind of research and development. By increasing the taxes and reducing series through the targeting of public sector or by taking the additional costs which are paid by the consumers in form of taxes and rates By negating the confidence of the consumer over the entire industry, which includes the creation of bad consumer sentiment towards the compliant organizations, which do not undertake cartel activities. Through rigging bids in public infrastructure projects to decrease the infrastructure, which results in the inflation of costs, and consequently reduces the capacity of the public sector to make investments in the beneficial projects[12]. Division 1 contains the primary prohibit on such cartel conduct in sections 44ZZRA - 44ZZRV in Australia. Section 44ZZRD provides the four forms of activities, as highlighted earlier. Such conduct has been prohibited where given effect or made in to a contract, understanding or an arrangement, in addition to the involvement of two or more parties, which are competitors. Regarding the price fixation, the provision has to be for the purpose or having the effect of fixation of price. And the rest of the conduct relates to the requisite purpose[13]. The Federal Court in the case of ACCC v Leahy Petroleum Pty Ltd[14] viewed that the following elements have to be present in a contract, understanding or an arrangement for it to exist, i.e., communication, consensus, and commitment. The most controversial is the last element, which is commitment, as it has resulted in a suggestion to expand the bar on the anti-competitive conduct to the concerted practices, but these do not include the direct cartel prohibitions. To be covered under the definition provided in the act of the cartel conduct, the contract, understanding or arrangement has to be amongst the parties, which is more than 2 in number, and who are in or are likely to be in competition, relating to the attainment or supply of the related services or goods. The courts held that the threshold limit was quite low in the matter of Norcast S.r.L v Bradken Limited[15]. Further at the first instance, the court held that the likeliness of being in competition could be taken to mean as likelihood that such is not distant, in the given circumstances. Recommendations were made by the Harper Panel regarding the threshold limit to be modified, so that the conditions of competition could be satisfied, only when the organizations are competing with each other or are likely to compete with each other. And in such a case, the likelihood has to be evaluated on the equilibrium of possibilities where it is is more probable in comparison to not[16]. Section 44ZZRF makes in an indictable offence to make a contract, understanding or arrangement which contains the provisions of cartel, and Section 44ZZRG lays down the same consequence for the contracts, understandings or arrangements which give such an effect. A fault element has to be established to constitute an offence, and this is defined as a belief or knowledge[17]. Under section 44ZZRH, an organization can be responsible for an unlawful act even when the other parties are such, which are not responsible unlawfully or who have been guilty or set free from the charges of offence, unless and until all the other parties to such an conformity have been found to be not guilty, and any guilt finding is or would be inconsistent with the acquittal[18]. The power to make a civil order against a person prosecuted against section 44ZZRGF or 44ZZRG is provided to the court under section 44ZZRI. In substance, the civil prohibition mirrors the criminal prohibition against the giving effect or making the cartel provision, as covered in sections 44ZZRK and 44ZZRJ, respectively. Though, for civil prohibitions, the fault element is not necessary to be proven[19]. By providing such provisions, which define and set out the criminal or civil liability upon the businesses, which are indulged in cartel conduct, the Division 1 of Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 promotes fair competition, and also protects the consumers. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Visy Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3)[20] is one of the cases which have highlighted the far reaching consequence of violation of the competition law, both in terms of damage to the reputation and the pecuniary losses. This was a landmark case in the history of cartel conduct. Also, this was a crucial case due to the record fine that was imposed over the breaching parties and the company. This case came to be known as example for the cartel conduct for a long time, in the history of price fixation by the cartels. The businesses have to be aware about the requirements of the competition law, along with the conduct which could be inferred as, or which could lead to a breach of the Trade Practices Act 1974[21]. In the matter of ACCC v Visy Holdings, a penalty of $ 36 million[22] was levied on the Visy Industries Holdings Pty Ltd (Visy), and two of its employees, Harry Debney and Rod Carroll, were awarded personal fines of $ 1.5 million and $ 500,000, respectively[23]. Around 90% of the corrugated fiber packaging market, whose worth was $ 1.8 billion - $2 billion for each year, was controlled through an agreement between Amcor and Visy[24]. It was alleged by the ACCC that from 2000 to 2004, a market sharing, as well as, price-fixation agreement was entered between Visy and Amcor, regarding the supply of the corrugated fiberboard packaging. The nominated executives of both the companies used to consult and coordinate the price rises and also colluded while negotiations for quotes took place for the consumers. When the big organizations wanted to negotiate the contracts again, the information was swapped amongst the two companies to make certain that the quote of the competitor was higher than the existent pricing structure[25]. When the Amcor management reported this conduct to the ACCC, only then this scheme was discovered. Further, Amcor was given the protection from any sort of action, for the help in bringing Visy down and stopping the cartel conduct. But, in the class actions which involved over 4500 businesses, both Visy, as well as, Amcor were asked to pay up $ 95 million by the Federal Court to the consumers. An agreement statement of fact was presented in the court, as per which Visy had breached Section 45 of the Trade Practices Act knowingly by a collusion with Amcor, which was a competitor, so that the prices could be fixed in the supply industry of the cardboard boxes. According to the judge of the case, Justice Heerey, this was the most serious case which had been brought to the Court, sine the time price fixation had been specifically prohibited through the statute, which was duration of over 30 years[26]. Trade Practices Acts section 45 prohibited the corporations for arriving at or from giving the effect to any understanding which can be deemed as anti-competitive, as has been stated therein. The price fixation is specifically dealt in section 45A and provides that any provisions which is aimed at or which is expected to have such an effect of maintaining, fixing or controlling the prices, is to be considered as to having the purpose or having the effect of shrinking the competition in a substantial manner. In other words, once a fixation of price has been established, the test of lessening of competition in a substantial manner is satisfied, and there is no further need for any evidence[27]. After the penalty orders were handed down by the court against the employees of Visy and Visy itself, it was noted by the ACCC that for such cartel conduct, the maximum penalty can be 3 times the amount of benefit which was availed by the company which indulged in such conduct. And in case, such a value cannot be determined, then the amount shall be ten times the annual turnover of the corporate group indulged in cartel conduct[28]. Since this decision has been given by the court, a concern has been expressed by Graeme Samuel, the ACCC Chairman, regarding the class action which was subsequently launched by the consumers against Amcor and Visy. As per Samuel, the immunity policy was threatened due to the class action, which was specifically made for the party leaving a cartel, and which was Amcor in his case. He viewed that if the ones seeking protection have the surety of being hit by massive class action damages claim, due to their confession, then the amount of such disclosures would significantly decline[29]. The Trade Practices Act was replaced by the Competition and Consumer Act. And even under the new act, especially under the provisions stated under Part IV of Division 1 of this act, i.e., section 44ZZRF and 44ZZRG were breached in the case of Visy[30]. As highlighted earlier, Section 44ZZRF presents that a company commits an offence when such a company makes a contract or an arrangement or arrives at such understanding, and a cartel provision is contained in these, in addition to the presence of fault element of knowledge and belief, then it is a criminal offence[31]. In Visys case, the company had entered into a contract, which limited the competition substantially[32]. Visy had entered into a contract for market sharing and fixation of price with Amcor, for the supply of corrugated fiberboard packaging. Moreover, the cartel went for nearly 5 years, so the fault element was clearly present, as there was a clear knowledge of cartel conduct happening. Hence, even in the new act, Visy is guilty. And according to the quoted section, is liable to higher penalties, than the one which was awarded to it under the Trade Practices Act. So, Visy would have been liable to a fine not exceeding the higher of $10,000,000; or 3 times the value of total benefits determined by the court which have been attained by one or more individuals and are reasonably attributed to the commission; or in case the court is not able to decide upon the value of such benefits, than the 10% of the yearly turnover during the 12 months ending at the conclusion of month in which such an offence was undertaken by the corporation, or when such offence was begun[33]. Section 44ZZRG provides the provisions regarding an offence being committed by a corporation when such a corporation enters into a contract or an arrangement or arrives at such understanding which gives the effect to any cartel provision, in addition to the presence of fault element of knowledge and belief then it is a criminal offence. The penalty provisions remain the same as in section 44ZZRG[34]. The contract entered into between Visy and Amcor, also had the effect of considerably shrinking the competition, as they restricted the supply of goods and services. So, under both the acts, i.e., Competition and Consumer Act and its predecessor, the Trade Practices Act, the conduct of Visy in the case of ACCC v Visy Holdings, would be treated as a cartel conduct. And under both the acts, the provision of knowledge and belief, to establish the fault element is present. The only difference is that the new act is much more stringent and hence, the penalty levied on Visy for such a cartel conduct, would have been a lot higher than it was due to the applicability of the Trade and Practices Act. Bibliography Articles/ Books/ Reports Bruce, A, Australian Competition Law (LexisNexis, 2nd ed, 2013) Corones, S, Australian Consumer Law (Thomson Reuters, 2nd ed, 2013) Corones, S, Competition Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters, 6th ed, 2014) Miller, R, Australian Competition and Consumer Law (Thomson Reuters, 38th ed, 2016) Cases ACCC v Leahy Petroleum Pty Ltd [2007] FCA 794 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Australian Safeway Stores Pty Ltd (No 2) [2001] FCA 1861 Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Visy Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3) [2007] FCA 1617 Norcast S.r.L v Bradken Limited (No 2) [2013] FCA 235 (19 March 2013) Legislations Competition and Consumer Act, 2010 (Cth) Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) Other ACCC, Cartels (2017) https://www.accc.gov.au/business/anti-competitive-behaviour/cartels ACCC, Cartels case studies legal cases (2017) https://www.accc.gov.au/business/anti-competitive-behaviour/cartels/cartels-case-studies-legal-cases Australasian Legal Information Institute, Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (2017) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/ Australian Competition Law, ACCC v Visy Industries Holdings Pty Ltd (No 3) (2014) https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/cases/visy2.html Australian Competition Law, Australian Competition Law overview (21 June 2016) https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/overview.html Australian Competition Law, Cartels | Overview (27 June 2016) https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/law/cartels/index.html Australian Competition Law, Cartels | Prohibited conduct (27 June 2016) https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/law/cartels/conduct.html Australian Competition Law, Section 44ZZG: M Giving effect to a cartel provision (2014) https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/legislation/provisions/2010cca44ZZRG.html Australian Competition Law, Section 44ZZR: Making a contract etc. containing a cartel provision (2014) https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/legislation/provisions/2010cca44ZZRF.html Competition Policy Review, Part 4 Competition Laws (2015) https://competitionpolicyreview.gov.au/files/2015/03/Part4_final-report_online.pdf Jacobson, D, ACCC V Visy: Record Price-Fixing Cartel Penalties (3 November 2007) https://www.brightlaw.com.au/accc-v-visy-record-price-fixing-cartel-penalties/ Mansfield, J, Litigation under the Trade Practices Act 1974 (22 May 2008) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedJSchol/2008/12.html Stephens Lawyers Consultants, Recent developments in Trade Practices (January 2008) https://www.stephens.com.au/Sites/2196/Images%20Files/Legal%20Updates/Recent%20developments%20in%20Trade%20Practices%20-%20January%202008.pdf Wells, CB, and Brydges, N, The cardboard box cartel case: Was all the fuss warranted? (17 June 2009) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UMelbLRS/2008/2.html

Yahoo Vs Lycos Essays - Internet Search Engines, Lycos, Yahoo!

Yahoo Vs Lycos When searching on the Internet, one may find it difficult sometimes to know where to start. With the seemingly limitless amount of information, one should use the resource suitable for the searcher's needs and tastes. Comparing different factors like databases, directory types, strengths and weaknesses of two search engines, such as Yahoo! and Lycos, can provide an advantage to someone looking for a starting block. To start with, one of the oldest search engines on the web, Lycos continues to thrive mainly by providing a mix of features. As the trend with the other major search tools, Lycos consists of a conglomeration of databases, online services, and other Internet properties. In terms of general searching, Lycos search engine displays the new advanced search with FAST, which means searching one of the largest Web page databases. Within the last year, Lycos made its main directory a version of the Open Directory Project. With a goal of this directory reaching the status of the most comprehensive directory of the web, and with over 1.8 million listings in 283,798 categories, it includes more pages than Yahoo!. Similar to Yahoo!, Lycos has searchable listings by category and the sites are reviewed and categorized by editors. Humans perform better at making these kinds of decisions than computers, so results will often eclipse with the other search engines. While Yahoo! can take months to take submissions of new Web sites, sites usually start in the Open Directory Project within weeks. Most searchers like the easy to understand hierarchical organization of Yahoo! and selective listings, and the Open Directory Project quickly develops a somewhat comparable data base that benefits from a marginal amount of quality control. Basically, the only limitations of Lycos as a truly great search engine include the slow refresh rate of its database, the lack of direct Boolean searching, and its need to provide relevant results and eliminate redundant pages. On the other hand, Yahoo! continues by far as the most popular way to find information on the web of any of the search engines and directories. With one of the smallest databases, Yahoo! gets more traffic than Lycos and AltaVista put together. Yahoo! enjoys success because its quality control is high, providing users with high quality links without all the redundant listings that plague so many of the search engines, such as Lycos. Yahoo! constitutes more of a directory, not a search engine, making it possible to look up information within categories. In many of the search engines, a search responds to the whims of the particular algorithm used by the engine and depends on how well the pages match the search engines criteria, regardless of the actual real life relevancy of the page and site content. In contrast, Yahoo! uses people instead of a computer algorithm to ensure that sites displayed appropriately, only lists valid sites, and generally only the home page of a site. While some consider Yahoo! one of the best ways to find information on the net, it does have a number of limitations. To find relevant information can take many steps through a morass of categories. The only information in the database, for the most part, constitutes homepage data. Also, more and more of Yahoo!'s listings are out-of-date and link to sites that no longer exist. But despite its limitations, Yahoo's category index, search options and dozens of additional features still merit a high rating. If a searcher prefers to search for a specific topic rather than browse through subjects, or search within a particular category, better results will show if he/she uses Yahoo's Search Options page, rather than its home page search engine. Here, one can choose to search Yahoo, Usenet, and Email addresses, and to search through Yahoo Categories, Web Sites, Today's News and Net Events. In conclusion, comparing various factors such as databases directory types, strengths and weaknesses of Yahoo! and Lycos, can provide a place to begin when attempting to search for information on the web. Bibliography: Works Cited Page Notess, Greg. Search Engine Showdown: The Users' Guide to Web Searching. 8 Sept. 2000. . Sullivan, Danny. Search Engine Watch. internet.com. 8 Sept. 2000. Westera, Gillian. Comparison of Search Engine User Interface Capabilities. 2 May 2000. Curtin University of Technology. 8 Sept. 2000. http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/library/ staffpages/gwpersonal/senginestudy/compare.htm>